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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: TV
Commercials: The Cable Age Classics Vol. 4 MP4 Video Download DVD
March 10: National Ranch Day: -- You
should put Ranch on everything. We mean it. Everything. Because
honestly, what dish isn't made better by Ranch? Fries? Absolutely.
Sandwiches? You bet. Ice cream? Okay, maybe. For today only,
calories don't count and the only law of the land is Ranch. Round
up some friends for a Ranch taste test to determine the superior
Ranch, try your hand at some new Ranch-inclusive recipes, or just
use the iconic hashtag #RanchEverything. For some high-quality
food-spo and a history of man's perfect food, read on! Hidden
Valley claims to have created the first Ranch back in 1954, on its
dude ranch in the mountains outside of Santa Barbara - pretty
idyllic for the birth of the one true dressing. Legend has it that
plumber-turned-cowboy Hidden Valley rancher Steve Henson first
established the ranch and cooked for his guests, covering his
meals with a tantalizing mix of buttermilk and herbs. Steve began
to package his dressing and send it off with guests, but the
demand became unmanageable. Eventually, Ranch hit Southwestern
supermarkets and then traversed the nation, forcing the production
of the heavenly liquid to be moved to a larger facility in Sparks,
Nevada. Gone were the days of the home-style seasoning packets
handed out to friends and neighbors to be mixed with buttermilk
and mayo. In 1972, Clorox bought Hidden Valley Ranch dressing for
8M USD, and Kraft Foods and General Foods were quickly hit with
lawsuits for trying to create their own Ranch varieties. While
staving off copycats, Clorox was hard at work revamping the recipe
to exclude expensive buttermilk and developing a pantry-friendly
bottled version that required no refrigeration. The varieties of
Ranch and methods of consumption proliferated into the 1980s.
Soon, Ranch lovers were snacking on Cool Ranch Doritos and Hidden
Valley Ranch Wavy Lay's chips, while children were given the
option of taco or pizza-flavored Ranch dressings. Even dry
Ranch-flavored seasoning was shaken on popcorn nationwide. Many
companies, like Ken's, Kraft, Newman's Own, and Marie's, threw
their names into the Ranch ring since Hidden Valley originated the
condiment, and we're all the better off for it. Ranch is one of
the most popular and best-selling dressings in the United States
and Canada and routinely rises above the salad from whence it
came. With increasing levels of creativity, people are constantly
innovating Ranch-centric dishes and concoctions - from adding it
to fried vegetables to fried cheesecake (we're not sure about that
one). We think Ranch deserves all the credit it's going to receive
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: How To
Speak Hip Del Close John Brent Comedy Album MP3s, CD, USB Drive
March 10: International Wig Day: -- Not
only is it an opportunity to not worry about how your hair looks,
but it's also a chance to express yourself. What's great about
International Wig Day is that it serves multiple purposes. First,
it's fun! Who doesn't want to spend a whole day celebrating wigs
for all the color and spice they bring to our lives. Second and
more importantly, it aims to raise awareness for hair loss caused
by diseases and cancer treatments. The day is an easy way to show
your support for the fight against cancer. Although wigs have been
around for millennia, we've only been celebrating International
Wig Day since 2016. A costume shop in Denmark, temashop.dk, came
up with the idea to appreciate wigs for the fun they bring to our
lives and to raise awareness around cancer. Wigs can be traced
back to ancient Egypt where people would sometimes shave off their
hair and wear wigs to protect their heads from the extreme heat in
those regions. They were also worn for important events. The
Assyrians, Greeks, Phoenicians, and Romans also wore fake
hairpieces. Many of us think that it's mostly women who wear wigs
and that it has been that way for centuries. But like many other
accessories - wigs were originally made for everyone. We've all
seen those luscious white locks of hair aristocratic men wear in
period dramas. Those wigs, or perukes, became popular in the
United Kingdom, France, and other European countries in the 16th
century. Today, men's wigs are commonly called toupees and they're
worn throughout the world. Wigs have a long history. But
unfortunately, and only recently a kind of stigma has been
associated with them. Some people think that wig-wearers are
hiding something and can unleash a barrage of unnecessary
questions such as "is that your real hair?" Now's the
time to shrug off any shame in wearing a wig and hold your head up
high. People can wear wigs for all kinds of reasons and it's
refreshing to see them becoming more acceptable today. Many actors
and social media influencers are also becoming more vocal about
wearing wigs leading to a rise in their popularity. On Sale @ 15%
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Old
Time Radio Sci-Fi & Paranormal MP3 MegaSet CD, Download, USB
March 10: International Bagpipe Day: --
Can you believe that bagpipes date back to 400 B.C., and are
thought to have originated from Egypt, with the first players
known as pipers of Thebes? Bagpipes are distinct and unique
musical instruments that hold a special place in certain parts of
Europe, such as Scotland and Ireland. A bagpipe is a type of
woodwind instrument that consists of several parts including the
air supply blowpipe, the bag, the chanter, the chanter reed, and
the drone or drones. The chanter is the melody pipe that can be
played by the piper, whereas the drone or drones provide a
constant note. It has a long and rich history that dates back to
ancient Rome and Egypt. In the early part of the second
millennium, clear evidence of bagpipes began to appear frequently
in Western European art and iconography. They were also popular
subjects for carvers of wooden choir stalls throughout Europe in
the late 15th century and early 16th century. Andy Letcher and
Cassandre Balosso-Bardin co-founded International Bagpipe Day with
the International Bagpipe Organization and the Bagpipe Society.
Since 1986, the Bagpipe Society has been actively involved in
bringing together new bagpipe players in order to preserve the
history and practice of bagpipes. Cassandre came up with the idea
of organizing a bagpipe conference as part of his efforts to
promote the diversity of bagpipes to a wider audience. The First
International Bagpipe Conference, which gathered musicians and
instrument makers from all over Europe, launched International
Bagpipe Day worldwide. Thousands of pipers around the world now
celebrate the day every year, with many local pipers organizing
events in places such as Harvard (U.S.), Glasgow (U.K.), Haninge
(Sweden), Minsk (Belarus), Iran, and Nigeria. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Bix
Beiderbecke Jazz Festival 1991 DVD, MP4 Download, Flash Drive
March 10: Bix Beiderbecke Day: -- March
10, 1903: #BOTD: #HBD! Bix Beiderbecke, American jazz pioneer,
cornet player, pianist and composer (d. August 6, 1931) is #born
Leon Bismark ("Bix") Beiderbecke in Davenport, Iowa.
Along with Louis Armstrong and Muggsy Spanier, Bix Beiderbecke was
one of the most influential jazz soloists of the 1920s. His turns
on "Singin' the Blues" and "I'm Coming, Virginia"
(both 1927), in particular, demonstrated an unusual purity of tone
and a gift for extended improvisation that heralded the jazz
ballad style, in which jazz solos are an integral part of the
composition. . With these two recordings, especially, he helped to
invent the jazz ballad style and hinted at what, in the 1950s,
would become cool jazz. Moreover, his use of extended chords and
an ability to improvise freely along harmonic as well as melodic
lines are echoed in post-WWII developments in jazz. There is
disagreement over whether Beiderbecke was christened Leon Bix or
Leon Bismark and nicknamed "Bix". His father was
nicknamed "Bix", as was his older brother, Charles
Burnette "Burnie" Beiderbecke. Burnie Beiderbecke
claimed that the boy was named Leon Bix and biographers have
reproduced birth certificates that agree. More recent research -
which takes into account church and school records in addition to
the will of a relative - suggests he was named Leon Bismark.
Regardless, his parents called him Bix, which seems to have been
his preference. In a letter to his mother when he was nine years
old, Beiderbecke signed off, "frome your Leon Bix Beiderbecke
not Bismark Remeber" [sic]. A native of Davenport, Iowa,
Beiderbecke taught himself to play the cornet largely by ear,
leading him to adopt a non-standard fingering technique that
informed his unique style. He first recorded with Midwestern jazz
ensemble The Wolverines in 1924, after which he played briefly for
the Detroit-based Jean Goldkette Orchestra before joining Frankie
"Tram" Trumbauer for an extended engagement at the
Arcadia Ballroom in St. Louis, also under the auspices of
Goldkette's organisation. Beiderbecke and Trumbauer joined
Goldkette's main band at the Graystone Ballroom in Detroit in
1926. The band toured widely and famously played a set opposite
Fletcher Henderson at the Roseland Ballroom in New York City in
October 1926. He made his greatest recordings in 1927. The
Goldkette band folded in September 1927 and, after briefly joining
bass saxophone player Adrian Rollini's band in New York, Trumbauer
and Beiderbecke joined America's most popular dance band: Paul
Whiteman and his Orchestra. Beiderbecke's most influential
recordings date from his time with Goldkette and Whiteman,
although he also recorded under his own name and that of
Trumbauer's. The Whiteman period marked a precipitous decline in
his health due to his increasing use of alcohol. Treatment for
alcoholism in rehabilitation centers, with the support of Whiteman
and the Beiderbecke family, failed to stop his decline. He left
the Whiteman band in 1929 and in the summer of 1931 he died in his
Sunnyside, Queens, New York apartment at the age of 28. His death,
in turn, gave rise to one of the original legends of jazz. In
magazine articles, musicians' memoirs, novels, and Hollywood
films, Beiderbecke has been envisaged as a Romantic hero, the
"Young Man with a Horn" (a novel, later made into a
movie starring Kirk Douglas, Lauren Bacall, Doris Day, and Hoagy
Carmichael). His life has often been portrayed as that of a jazz
musician who had to compromise his art for the sake of
commercialism. Beiderbecke remains the subject of scholarly
controversy regarding his full name, the cause of his death and
the importance of his contributions to jazz. He composed or played
on recordings that are jazz classics and standards such as
"Davenport Blues", "In a Mist", "Copenhagen",
"Riverboat Shuffle", "Singin' the Blues", and
"Georgia on My Mind". "In a Mist" (1927) is
the best known of Beiderbecke's published piano compositions, and
the only one that he recorded. His piano style reflects both jazz
and classical (mainly impressionist) influences. All five of his
piano compositions were published by Robbins Music during his
lifetime. Bix died on on August 6, 1931 in his apartment, No. 1G,
43-30 46th Street, in Sunnyside, Queens, New York, . The official
cause of death, as indicated on the death certificate, was lobar
pneumonia. Unofficially, edema of the brain, coupled with the
effects of long-term alcoholism, have been cited as contributory
factors. Beiderbecke's mother and brother took the train to New
York and arranged for his body to be taken home to Davenport. He
was buried there on August 11, 1931, in the family plot at Oakdale
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: America:
The Second Century Documentary Series DVD, Download, USB
March 10: Paper Money Day: -- Celebrates
the anniversary of the day the first United States Notes (or Legal
Tender Notes) were issued in the United States. On this day, we
commemorate the United States' longest-running paper currency. Of
course, the notes have been modified and updated throughout time,
but they helped to establish the foundation for the paper dollars
we use today. If you still have one of the original 1962 notes,
you're holding a priceless piece of American history. The history
of paper money in the United States is a little complicated. While
the first legal tender notes were issued in 1862, paper money
existed before then. During King William's War, on February 3,
1690, the first paper money was printed in Massachusetts to fund
military action. However, that money was merely a bill of credit -
"IOU" from the colony to the soldiers. In 1775, Congress
tried to replicate this on a wider scale, but this failed due to
rapid inflation. In the 1860s, there emerged two forms of
emergency paper currency - Demand Notes, which were issued in
1861, and United States Notes which were issued in 1862. During
the American Civil War, these notes were used to pay for expenses.
The Demand Notes were non-redeemable and began to lose value. Of
the two, it was the United States Note that became authorized as
federal currency by the First Legal Tender Act, which was signed
by President Abraham Lincoln and enacted on February 1862. On
March 10, 1862, the first United States Notes were issued, which
is why we celebrate Paper Money Day on this said date. Of course,
before paper money, there were other methods of exchanging value,
with trade by barter being perhaps the oldest. From barter, we
transitioned into coins, with the Chinese being the first to use
an object resembling the modern-day coin. They were also the first
to move from coins to paper money in 700 B.C. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Remember
When: It'll Never Fly w/ Dick Cavett Inventions DVD, MP4, USB
March 10: National Landline Telephone
Day: -- An annucal commemoration of the March 10, 1876 first
successful test of a telephone made by its inventor, Alexander
Graham Bell. Remember when you were forced to leave your phone at
home - because it was attached to your house? Or when your crush
called, but your older brother got to the phone first and revealed
your secret? Or when you knew you hit true best friend status -
memorizing their number? Celebrated on the anniversary of
Alexander Graham Bell's amazing invention, National Landline
Telephone Day remembers the heyday of the landline phone in all
its glory, and makes a strong case for its re-adoption. On Sale @
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Lewis And
Clark & The Corps Of Discovery Expedition DVD MP4 USB Stick
March 9-10: Three Flags Day: -- March
9-10, 1804: The United States: The History Of The United States:
The Territorial Expansion of the United States (The Territorial
Evolution of the United States): The Louisiana Purchase: -- March
10: The formal ceremony to transfer ownership of the Louisiana
Territory from France to the United States concludes in St. Louis,
Missouri on the second day of the two-day ceremony known as Three
Flags Day, the first day being the March 9 turning over of New
Spain (Louisiana) by Spain to France, who then officially turned
over the same lands to the United States on the second day, in
order to finalize the 1803 Louisiana Purchase. The ceremony in St.
Louis cleared the way for Lewis And Clark to begin their
exploration. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Lux Radio
Theatre w/ Cecil B. DeMille MP3 Set DVD, Download, USB Drive
March 10: National Skirt Day: -- A
special day when women around the country don skirts with pride.
Have a closet full of skirts that you've been meaning to wear for
the longest time? Now is your chance. Celebrate the day in style
by getting all your friends to wear skirts with you. As summer
approaches, a skirt is the perfect easy, breezy go-to attire for
many. Who wouldn't want to get in on this action? This is why
people have been wearing skirts for as long as clothes have been
around. It's safe to say that skirts will be around for centuries
to come. Some say that the origins of National Skirt Day are
unclear, while others claim it was first observed in 1998.
Although skirts have been around for thousands of years, we still
can't get enough of them. They've existed even before people
learned how to stitch clothes together because of their simple
nature and ease of use. The oldest known skirt, made from straw,
was found in Armenia at the Areni-1 cave complex dating back 5,900
years. Back then, skirts were worn by both men and women. Ancient
Egyptian art, in the form of wall and sarcophagus paintings as
well as hieroglyphics also shows both genders wearing skirts
wrapped in a rectangular shape and tied around the waist. The
Sumerians in Mesopotamia wore a kind of fur skirt tied by a belt.
During the Old Kingdom of Egypt, which lasted until 2130 B.C., men
wore short skirts tied at the waist or held by a belt. Over time,
skirts became pleated or gathered. By the Middle Kingdom, longer
skirts were more fashionable while in the New Kingdom, kilts-like
variations with pleated triangular sections became popular. The
material used to make skirts has been constantly evolving. While
earlier they were made from animal skin, straw and linen, today
they're made from almost any material you can think of. Skirts are
still worn by men and women from many cultures, such as the lungi,
lehnga, kanga, and sarong from South and Southeast Asia, and the
kilt worn in Scotland and Ireland. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Roots Of
Resistance: The Underground Railroad DVD, MP4, USB Drive
March 10, 1913: National Harriet Tubman
Day: -- #DOTD: #RIP: Harriet Tubman, African American nurse,
activist, abolitionist, humanitarian, and an armed scout and spy
for the United States Army during the American Civil War (b. c.
1820) #dies of pneumonia in an Auburn, New York rest home named in
her honor surrounded by friends and family members, aged 90-91.
Just before she died, she told those in the room: "I go to
prepare a place for you." Tubman was buried with
semi-military honors at Fort Hill Cemetery in Auburn. Harriet
Tubman was born into slavery as Araminta Ross in Dorchester
County, Maryland to enslaved parents, Harriet ("Rit")
Green and Ben Ross. Her nickname was "Minty". She went
on to escape from her masters and thereby from slavery, and
subsequently made some thirteen missions to rescue approximately
seventy enslaved people, family and friends, using the network of
antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground
Railroad. She later helped abolitionist John Brown recruit men for
his raid on Harpers Ferry, and in the post-war era was an active
participant in the struggle for women's suffrage. Born Araminta
Ross as a slave in Dorchester County, Maryland, Tubman was beaten
and whipped by her various masters as a child. Early in life, she
suffered a traumatic head wound when an irate slave owner threw a
heavy metal weight intending to hit another slave and hit her
instead. The injury caused dizziness, pain, and spells of
hypersomnia, which occurred throughout her life. She was a devout
Christian and experienced strange visions and vivid dreams, which
she ascribed to premonitions from God. In 1849, Tubman escaped to
Philadelphia, then immediately returned to Maryland to rescue her
family. Slowly, one group at a time, she brought relatives with
her out of the state, and eventually guided dozens of other slaves
to freedom. Traveling by night and in extreme secrecy, Tubman (or
"Moses", as she was called) "never lost a
passenger". After the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was passed,
she helped guide fugitives farther north into British North
America, and helped newly freed slaves find work. When the Civil
War began, Tubman worked for the Union Army, first as a cook and
nurse, and then as an armed scout and spy. The first woman to lead
an armed expedition in the war, she guided the raid at Combahee
Ferry, which liberated more than 700 slaves. After the war, she
retired to the family home on property she had purchased in 1859
in Auburn, New York, where she cared for her aging parents. She
was active in the women's suffrage movement until illness overtook
her and she had to be admitted to a home for elderly African
Americans that she had helped to establish years earlier. After
she died in 1913, she became an icon of American courage and
freedom. #HarrietTubman #Abolitionists #UndergroundRailroad
#Activists #AfricanAmericanHistory #AfricanAmericanHeritage
#BlackHeritage #BlackPeople #Blacks #AfricanAmericans
#BlackAmericans #Slavery #SlaveryInTheUnitedStates #SlaveryInTheUS
#AmericanCivilWar #WarBetweenTheStates #WomensSuffrage
#WomensEquality #GenderEquality #SexualEquality #WomensRights
#CivilRights #WomensLiberation #Suffrage #UniversalSuffrage
#GeneralSuffrage #CommonSuffrage #WomensLib #BlackCivilRights
#AmericanHistory #HistoryOfTheUS #WesternCulture
#WesternCivilization #OccidentalCulture #WesternWorld
#WesternSociety #WesternTradition #StoryOfCivilization #MP4
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Tibet
History & The Dalai Lama Documentaries DVD, MP4, USB Drive
March 10: Tibetan Uprising Day: -- March
10, 1959: Tibet: The History Of Tibet: The Aftermath Of World War
II: The Cold War: The Cold War In Asia: The Annexation Of Tibet By
The People's Republic Of China: The 1959 Tibetan Uprising (The
1959 Tibetan Armed Rebellion, The 1959 Tibetan Anti-Riot Movement,
The 1959 Tibetan Unrests, The 1959 Anti-Chinese Uprising In Tibet,
The Lhasa Uprising): -- Tibetan Uprising Day commemorates the
beginning of The 1959 Tibetan Uprising (March 10-23, 1959), a
revolt against Chinese rule erupted in Lhasa, the capital of
Tibet, which had been under the effective control of the People's
Republic Of China (PRC) since the Seventeen Point Agreement was
reached in 1951. Fearing a Chinese abduction attempt, 300,000
Tibetans surround the Dalai Lama's palace in the Tibetan capital
of Lhasa to prevent his removal. The 1959 Tibetan Uprising or the
1959 Tibetan Rebellion was a revolt against the effective control
of the People's Republic Of China since the Seventeen Point
Agreement was reached in 1951. Armed conflict between Tibetan
guerillas and the People's Liberation Army (PLA) had started in
1956 in the Kham and Amdo regions, which had been subjected to
socialist reform. The guerrilla warfare later spread to other
areas of Tibet and lasted through 1962. The anniversary of the
uprising is observed by Tibetan exiles as the ''Tibetan Uprising
Day'' and Woman's Uprising Day. The anniversary of its end is
officially celebrated in the Tibetan Autonomous Region as Serfs
Emancipation Day. The 1959 Tibetan Uprising (March 10-23, 1959)
began when a revolt against Chinese rule erupted in Lhasa, the
capital of Tibet, which had been under the effective control of
the People's Republic Of China (PRC) since the Seventeen Point
Agreement was reached in 1951. The anniversary of the uprising is
observed by Tibetan exiles as the ''Tibetan Uprising Day'' and
Woman's Uprising Day. The initial uprising occurred amid general
Chinese-Tibetan tensions and a context of confusion, because
Tibetan protesters feared that the Chinese government might arrest
the 14th Dalai Lama. The protests were also fueled by anti-Chinese
sentiment and separatism. At first, the uprising mostly consisted
of peaceful protests, but clashes quickly erupted and the Chinese
People's Liberation Army (PLA) eventually used force to quell the
protests, some of the protesters had captured arms. The last
stages of the uprising included heavy fighting, with high civilian
and military losses. The 14th Dalai Lama escaped from Lhasa, while
the city was fully retaken by Chinese security forces on March 23,
1959. Thousands of Tibetans were killed during the uprising, but
the exact number of deaths is disputed. Earlier in 1956, armed
conflict between Tibetan guerillas and the PLA started in the Kham
and Amdo regions, which had been subjected to socialist reform.
The guerrilla warfare later spread to other areas of Tibet and
lasted through 1962. Some regard the Xunhua Incident (April 17-25,
1958), an uprising of Tibetan and Salar people against the rule of
Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the Qinghai, China province
bordering Tibet, as a precursor of the Tibetan uprising. The
annual March 10 anniversary of the uprising is observed by exiled
Tibetans as Tibetan Uprising Day and Women's Uprising Day. On
January 19, 2009, The PRC-controlled legislature in the Tibet
Autonomous Region chose March 28 as the national anniversary of
Serfs Emancipation Day. American Tibetologist Warren W. Smith Jr.
describes the move as a "counter-propaganda" celebration
following the March 10, 2008 unrest in Tibet. Tibet, as it is
today, was first unified in the Seventh Century A.D., by King
Songsten Gampo and his successors. However, its history began in
127 B.C., with the formation of the Yarlung Dynasty. The People's
Liberation Army of the People's Republic Of China initially
entered Tibet in 1949, defeating the small Tibetan army and
seizing half of the nation, marking a watershed moment in Tibet's
history. Repression, which included the destruction of holy
buildings and the arrest of monks and other community leaders,
rose substantially as resistance to the Chinese occupation grew,
particularly in Eastern Tibet. The Communist Chinese government
invaded Tibet in 1950, causing chaos and misery for Tibetans,
finally resulting in the fall of the Tibetan government and the
self-imposed exile of the Dalai Lama and 100,000 Tibetans in 1959.
Despite all the religious persecution, loss of their national
heritage, and frequent violations of their human rights, Tibetans
continue to raise their voices in unison, asking for independence.
Tibet is still considered a sovereign state under international
law. Tibet's sovereignty has not been transferred to China as a
result of China's armed invasion and ongoing occupation by the
People's Liberation Army (P.L.A.). All who continue to support
this cause believe, that someday, Tibet will achieve the
independence it so dearly desires and deserves.
#TibetanUprisingDay #DalaiLama #TibetanUprising #TibetanRebellion
#The1959TibetanUprising #The1959TibetanRebellion #Tibet #Lhasa
#TibetanHistory #HistoryOfTibet #China #PRC #MP4 #VideoDownload
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Story
Of Civilization: Will & Ariel Durant DVD, MP3 Download, USB
March 10, 241 BC: The Punic Wars: The
First Punic War: The Battle Of The Aegates Islands: -- The Romans
sink the Carthaginian fleet off the western coast of the island of
Sicily. It was the final naval battle fought between the fleets of
Carthage and the Roman Republic during the First Punic War. The
result was a decisive Roman victory which forced an end to the
protracted conflict, to the advantage of Rome. The First Punic War
(264 to 241 BC) was the first of three wars fought between Ancient
Carthage and the Roman Republic, the two great powers of the
Western Mediterranean. For 23 years, in the longest continuous
conflict and greatest naval war of antiquity, the two powers
struggled for supremacy, primarily on the Mediterranean island of
Sicily and its surrounding waters, and also in North Africa. On
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Story
Of Civilization: Will & Ariel Durant DVD, MP3 Download, USB
March 10, 298: Rome: Ancient Rome: The
Roman Empire: The Reign Of Maximian: Maximian's Campaigns in North
Africa: -- Roman Emperor Maximian concludes his campaign in North
Africa against the Berbers, and makes a triumphal entry into
Carthage.The campaign was lengthy, and Maximian spent the winter
of 297-298 resting in Carthage before returning to the field. Not
content to drive them back into their homelands in the Atlas
Mountains - from which they could continue to wage war - Maximian
ventured deep into Berber territory. The terrain was unfavorable,
and the Berbers were skilled at guerrilla warfare, but Maximian
pressed on. Apparently wishing to inflict as much punishment as
possible on the tribes, he devastated previously secure land,
killed as many as he could, and drove the remainder back into the
Sahara. His campaign was concluded by early 298 and, on March 10,
he made a triumphal entry into Carthage. Inscriptions there record
the people's gratitude to Maximian, hailing him - as Constantius
had been on his entry to London - as redditor lucis aeternae
("restorer of the eternal light"). Maximian returned to
Italy in early 299 to celebrate another triumph in Rome. On Sale @
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Monarchy
In The UK: British Royal History MP4 Video Download DVD Set
March 10, 1629: The English Monarchy (The
Monarchy Of The Kingdom Of England): The Scottish Monarchy (The
Monarchy Of The Kingdom Of Scotland): The Irish Monarchy (The
Monarchy Of The Kingdom Of Ireland): The Reign Of Charles I Of
England: The Personal Rule (The Eleven Years' Tyranny): -- King
Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland dissolves Parliament,
ruling without recourse to Parliament and beginning the
eleven-year period known as the Personal Rule. The King claimed
that he was entitled to do this under the Royal Prerogative, a
body of customary authority, privilege, and immunity, recognised
in the United Kingdom as the sole prerogative of the Sovereign and
the source of many of the executive powers of the British
government. Charles had already dissolved three Parliaments by the
third year of his reign in 1628. After the murder of George
Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, who was deemed to have a negative
influence on Charles' foreign policy, Parliament began to
criticize the king more harshly than before. Charles then
concluded that, as long as he could avoid war, he could rule
without Parliament. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Mexican Revolution 1910-1920 DVD, Video Download, USB Drive
March 10, 1848: The Mexican-American War
(The Mexican War): The Treaty Of Guadalupe Hidalgo (The Treaty Of
Peace, Friendship, Limits, And Settlement Between The United
States Of America And The United Mexican States): -- The Treaty Of
Guadalupe Hidalgo, agreeing to end the war and to cede California,
Nevada, Utah and territories that would comprise a further six
other modern-day U.S. states to the United States for a sum of 15M
USD, is ratified by the United States. On May 19 Mexico likewise
ratified the treaty, the ratifications were exchanged on May 30,
and the treaty was proclaimed on July 4, 1848. The Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo (Spanish: Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo),
officially titled "The Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits
and Settlement between the United States of America and the
Mexican Republic", is the peace treaty signed in the Villa de
Guadalupe Hidalgo (now a neighborhood of Mexico City) between the
United States and Mexico that ended the Mexican-American War
(1846-1848). With the defeat of its army and the fall of its
capital in September 1847, Mexico entered into negotiations with
the U.S. peace envoy, Nicholas Trist, to end the war. On the
Mexican side, there were factions that did not concede defeat or
seek to engage in negotiations. The treaty called for the United
States to pay 15M USD to Mexico and to pay off the claims of
American citizens against Mexico up to 5M USD. It gave the United
States the Rio Grande as a boundary for Texas, and gave the U.S.
ownership of California and a large area comprising roughly half
of New Mexico, most of Arizona, Nevada, and Utah and Colorado. The
land that the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo brought into the United
States became, between 1850 and 1912, all or part of nine states:
California (1850), Nevada (1864), Utah (1896), and Arizona (1912),
as well as, depending upon interpretation, the entire state of
Texas (1845), which then included part of Kansas (1861); Colorado
(1876); Oklahoma (1907); and New Mexico (1912). Mexicans in those
annexed areas had the choice of relocating to within Mexico's new
boundaries or receiving American citizenship with full civil
rights. The U.S. Senate advised and consented to ratification of
the treaty by a vote of 38-14. The opponents of this treaty were
led by the Whigs, who had opposed the war and rejected manifest
destiny in general, and rejected this expansion in particular. The
amount of land gained by the United States from Mexico was further
increased as a result of the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, which ceded
parts of present-day southern Arizona and New Mexico to the United
States. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Great
War (1964) TV Documentary Series DVD, Video Download, USB
March 10, 1915: The European Civil War:
World War I: The First European War (The European Theater Of World
War I): The Western Front Of World War I: The Battle Of Neuve
Chapelle: -- The first large-scale operation by the British Army
in the First World War, the first deliberately planned British
offensive which showed the form in which position warfare was to
take for the rest of the war on the Western Front, begins with an
attack intended to cause a rupture in the German lines, which
would then be exploited with a rush to the Aubers Ridge and
possibly Lille. A French assault at Vimy Ridge on the Artois
plateau was also planned to threaten the road, rail and canal
junctions at La Bassee from the south as the British attacked from
the north. The British attackers broke through German defences in
a salient at the village of Neuve-Chapelle but the success could
not be exploited. The Royal Flying Corps (RFC) carried out aerial
photography, despite poor weather, which enabled the attack front
to be mapped to a depth of 1,500 yd (1,400 m) for the first time
and for 1,500 copies of 1:5,000 scale maps to be distributed to
each corps. Tactical surprise and a break-in were achieved, after
the First Army prepared the attack with great attention to detail.
After the first set-piece attack, unexpected delays slowed the
tempo of operations and command was undermined by communication
failures. Infantry-artillery co-operation broke down when the
telephone system ceased to work and the Germans had time to send
in reinforcements and dig a new line. The British attempted to
renew the advance, by attacking where the original assault had
failed, instead of reinforcing success, and a fresh attack with
the same detailed preparation as that on the first day became
necessary. A big German counter-attack by twenty infantry
battalions (c.? 16,000 men) early on March 12 was a costly
failure. Sir Douglas Haig, the First Army commander, cancelled
further attacks and ordered the captured ground to be
consolidated, preparatory to a new attack further north. An acute
shortage of artillery ammunition made another attack impossible,
apart from a local effort by the 7th Division, which was another
costly failure. The Germans strengthened the defences opposite the
British and increased the number of troops in the area. One
consequence of the battle was that the French became cautiously
optimistic that British forces could be reliable in offensive
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: War Props:
The Messerschmitt Bf 109 DVD, MP4 Download, USB Flash Drive
March 10, 1918: #BOTD: Gunther Rall
(Anglicized: Guenther Rall), highly decorated German military
aviator, fighter ace, officer and general and pilot, third most
successful fighter pilot in aviation history whose military career
spanned nearly forty years (d. October 4, 2009) is #born in
Gaggenau, the German Empire, and grew up in the Weimar Republic.
His fighter successes were exceeded only by Gerhard Barkhorn
("Gerd"), who ranks second, and Erich Hartmann ("The
Black Devil", "Bubi"), who ranks first. During
World War II Rall was credited with the destruction of 275 enemy
aircraft in 621 combat missions. He was shot down five times and
wounded on three occasions. Rall claimed all of his victories in a
Messerschmitt Bf 109, though he also flew the Focke-Wulf Fw 190
operationally. All but three of his claims were against Soviet
opposition. In 1933 the Nazi Party seized power and Rall, deciding
upon a military career, joined the Wehrmacht (Nazi German Armed
Forces) in 1936 to train as an infantry soldier. Rall transferred
to the Luftwaffe soon after and he qualified as a fighter pilot in
1938. In September 1939 World War II began with the German
Invasion Of Poland. Rall was assigned to Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG
52-Fighter Wing 52) and flew combat patrols in the Phoney War
period on the Western Front. Rall flew combat missions in the
Battle Of France and Battle Of Britain, claiming one enemy
aircraft destroyed in May 1940. Rall's wing sustained heavy
casualties, and as a result the then-22 year old was appointed to
Staffelkapitan (Squadron Leader). He then served in the Balkans
Campaign in April and May 1941 without success. In June 1941, JG
52 moved to the Eastern Front, where it remained from Operation
Barbarossa until the end of the war. Rall claimed his first
successes in the air defence of Romania. In November 1941, he was
shot down, wounded and invalidated from flying for a year. At this
time Rall had claimed 36 aerial victories. His achievements earned
him the German Cross in Gold in December 1941. Rall returned in
August 1942 and was awarded the Knight's Cross on September 3,
1942 for 65 enemy aircraft shot down. By October 22 Rall had
claimed 100 and received the Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves. He
reached 200 in late August 1943. On September 12, 1943 he was
awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and
Swords, the second highest military award in the Third Reich at
the time of the presentation. By the end of 1943 Rall had achieved
over 250, the second flier to do so after Nowotny did in October
1943. In April 1944 Rall left JG 52 and the Eastern Front. He was
given command of II./Jagdgeschwader 11 and served in the Defence
of the Reich where he was wounded for a third time. In November
1944 Rall was appointed as an instructor and flew captured Allied
fighter aircraft in order to prepare instruction notes on their
performance to German fighter pilots. Rall ended the war with an
unsuccessful stint commanding Jagdgeschwader 300 near Salzburg,
Austria, where he surrendered in May 1945. After World War II,
Rall joined the West German Air Force in 1956, served as Inspector
of the Air Force from 1971 to 1974, and as the German
representative to the NATO Military Committee until 1975. After
his retirement Rall became a consultant. Among his post-war
achievements was the presentation of the Order of Merit of the
Federal Republic of Germany, awarded to him for his post-1945
service. On October 4, 2009, Gunther Rall died at his home in Bad
Reichenhall after suffering a heart attack two days earlier. On
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Wing
Will Fly: Flying Wing History Documentary DVD, Download, USB
March 10, 1920: #BOTD: #HBD! Robert
Cardenas, child prodigy, combat airman of the Second World War and
Vietnam War, distinguished prisoner of war camp escapee, test
pilot, Brigadier General in the United States Air Force and hero
(d. March 10, 2022) is #born Robert Leon Cardenas in Merida,
Yucatan, Mexico. When he was five, his family moved to San Diego.
He excelled in mathematics and physics in high school. When
Cardenas was a teenager, building models and learning about
gliders at Torrey Pines Gliderport first sparked his interest in
airplanes. Due to his excellent grades, San Diego State University
invited him to enroll. In 1939, while attending San Diego State,
he decided to enlist as a private in the California National
Guard. In 1940, Cardenas became an aviation cadet. He graduated,
received his pilot wings and was commissioned a second lieutenant
in the Army Air Corps in July 1941. In 1942, Lt. Cardenas was sent
to Twentynine Palms, California, to help establish the Army Air
Corps Glider School. He was assigned to Wright Field, Ohio, and
became a flight test officer. Cardenas rose quickly in position,
was promoted to operations officer and finally director of the
Flight Test Unit, Experimental Engineering Laboratory at Wright
Field. In 1944, he was assigned to the 506th Bombardment Squadron,
44th Bombardment Group, also known as the Flying Eightballs, based
at RAF Shipdham in Norfolk, England. He flew his first mission on
the B-24 Liberator "Southern Comfort" on January 24. On
March 18, Captain Cardenas was flying as Command Pilot for the
44th Bomb Group on his 20th mission. His airplane, the B-24 "Sack
Artists" (serial number 42-100073), was shot down by German
anti-aircraft fire. His attack run was supposed to target the
Manzell Air Armaments factory in Friedrichshafen, Wurttemberg,
Germany. However, the right wing was severely damaged by a shell
and two engines were set on fire. According to his report relayed
to the War Department, his number 2 engine was "hit by flak
[and] on fire," causing the loss of 3,000 ft. altitude.
Despite this damage he "Rejoined formation for [a] second
[bomb] run." After this pass his "[numbers] 2 and 4
[engines were] on fire," and "[number] 3 [was] vibrating
badly" in addition to "gas leaks," damage to bomb
bays, wings, and electrical systems, and "hydraulics
inoperative." Several members of the crew were also wounded,
including Cardenas, who received a head injury when a piece of
flak pierced his helmet. Since the plane was severely damaged and
losing stability, 1st Lieutenant Raymond J. Lacombe decided to
pilot the plane to Switzerland. Cardenas' crew all parachuted
safely. The bomber then exploded at a low altitude and shore off
the tops of several trees. Capt. Cardenas landed on the German
side of Lake Constance. He swam across the lake to the Swiss side
in order to evade capture. He was first interned at a camp for
American officers at Adelboden, and was later assigned to teach
Swiss officers how to fly interned American bombers at Dubendorf
Airfield near Zurich. On September 27, 1944, Cardenas escaped into
France with the help of Swiss civilians and the French resistance.
He was flown to Britain and then sent back to the United States to
recover from his head injury. In November 1944, he attended
Central Instructors School for the B-24 at Smyrna Army Airfield,
Tennessee. After graduation, he became a test pilot and was then
assigned to Wright Field, Ohio. While at Wright Field, he attended
Experimental Flight Test School and later became assistant chief
of Bomber Section, and chief of Bomber Operations Section, Flight
Test Division. In 1945, he started piloting experimental aircraft.
He piloted a captured Luftwaffe jet fighter, the Messerschmitt Me
262, and the Arado Ar 234 jet bomber. Cardenas also piloted the
XB-42 Mixmaster and XB-43 Jetmaster. He was assigned chief test
pilot for bomber aircraft and flew all prototypes of that class
for the next four years. In 1947, he became the Officer in Charge
of Operations and was the command pilot for the B-29 Superfortress
that launched Captain Chuck Yeager in the Bell X-1 supersonic
experimental aircraft. Then in 1948, Major Cardenas was the
Officer in Charge of Flight Test Division at Muroc Air Force Base
and was Chief Air Force Test Pilot of the Northrop YB-49 flying
wing. Cardenas later claimed that the YB-49 rotated backwards in
stall, and that he warned Glen Edwards about it, who later died in
a YB-49 crash. Jack Northrop claimed such a rotation was
impossible. During one of Cardenas' test flights, a suspected act
of sabotage, stemming from the plane's competition with the Boeing
B-52 to be selected as America's heavy bomber, rendered the
hydrolics system virtually in operable, and Cardenas only managed
to land the plane with some 6 feet of clearance at the end of the
runway. After a transcontinental flight in the YB-49, President
Truman ordered Cardenas to do a flyby of Pennsylvania Avenue at
rooftop level. During the Korean War, he was assigned to Wright
Field and Edwards Air Force Base testing new fighters and bombers.
Additionally, he was assigned to Okinawa and then to The Pentagon.
During the Vietnam War, Cardenas flew F-105 Thunderchief combat
missions and was then assigned to McConnell AFB as a trainer for
the F-105. In 1968, Colonel Cardenas was promoted to Brigadier
General and assigned to command of the Air Force Special
Operations Force at Eglin Air Force Base. Following his assignment
to Eglin AFB, he became vice commander of the 16th Air Force in
Spain. There he negotiated with Muammar al-Gaddafi the withdrawal
of U.S. forces from Wheelus Air Base in Libya. After his
assignment in Spain, General Cardenas was assigned to Supreme
Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) in Belgium. At SHAPE, he
was the U.S. Deputy to LIVE OAK, a code name for joint military
planning operation of the United States, Great Britain and France
in response to the Soviet blockade and interference of Western
access to Berlin. His final duty assignment was chief of national
strategic Target List Division, Joint Strategic Target Planning
Staff, at Offutt AFB, Nebraska. He retired from the Air Force as a
Brigadier General in 1973. Cardenas worked as an executive in the
private sector. In 1983, President Ronald Reagan appointed him
California coordinator for Southwest Border Economic Action Group.
In 1985, he was appointed to chairman of the Juvenile Justice and
Delinquency Prevention Advisory Group by California Governor
George Deukmejian. He also served on the California Council of
Criminal Justice.In 1987, Governor Deukmejian appointed General
Cardenas to the California Veterans Board; he eventually became
the chairman. In 1993, General Cardenas resigned from the
California Veterans Board to serve as the chairman of the San
Diego United Veterans Council and a director on the Board of
Veterans Memorial Center & Museum, in San Diego. Also in 1993,
the University of New Mexico's Department of Engineering honored
him for his professional contribution and leadership. Cardenas was
later a member of the Veteran Administration's Memorials and
Cemetery Committee. He was appointed to the committee by former VA
Secretary Anthony Principi. He was also a trustee of the Flight
Test Historical Foundation at Edwards AFB. In 1995, he was
inducted into the Aerospace Walk of Fame in Lancaster, California,
and the Sigma Chi fraternity awarded him the "Significant
Sig" medal. In 2004, he was honored as a Distinguished
Alumnus of the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards AFB. In
2008, Cardenas was inducted into the International Air & Space
Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum. In 2012,
Cardenas was honored at the Air Command and Staff College's
Gathering of Eagles at Maxwell Air Base, Montgomery, Alabama. This
program encourages the study of airpower history by emphasizing
the contributions of air and space pioneers. In 2014, the National
Aviation Hall of Fame announced that Cardenas will be inducted
into the "Class of 2015" along with aviation pioneers
Robert N. Hartzell, Gene Kranz, and Abe Silverstein. Cardenas
lived in San Diego with his wife, Gladys, where he died on his
102nd birthday. He was buried with full military honors at Miramar
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Air Power
WWII TV Series With Walter Cronkite DVD, Video Download, USB
March 9-10, 1945: World War II: March
9-10, 1945: World War II: The Pacific War (The Asia-Pacific War,
The Asiatic-Pacific Theater, The Pacific Theater Of World War II):
The Asiatic-Pacific Theater: Aviation: Military Aviation: Air
Warfare Of World War II: Air Warfare Of The Pacific War: Air Raids
On Japan: The Bombing Of Tokyo (Japanese: Tokyodaikushu):
Operation Meetinghouse (The Great Tokyo Air Raid, The Night Of The
Black Snow): -- The most destructive single air attack in human
history concludes as the first major firebombing raid against a
Japanese city, as well as the first nocturnal incendiary attack on
Tokyo, finishes inflicting damage comparable to that inflicted on
both Hiroshima and Nagasaki five months later. In a three-hour
period, 1,665 tons of incendiary bombs dropped from 279 Boeing
B-29 Superfortress heavy bombers burned out much of eastern Tokyo,
annihilating 16 square miles (41 km2) of central Tokyo, killing
between more than 90K and over 100K Japanese people, mostly
civilians, and leaving a full one million people homeless. The
Japanese air and civil defenses proved largely inadequate; only 14
American aircraft (5%) and 96 airmen were lost. Operation
Meetinghouse was an intensification of the air raids on Japan
which had begun in June 1944. Prior to this operation, the USAAF
had focused on a precision bombing campaign against Japanese
industrial facilities. These attacks were generally unsuccessful,
which contributed to the decision to shift to firebombing. The
USAAF units employed significantly different tactics from those
used in precision raids, including bombing by night with the
aircraft flying at low altitudes. The extensive destruction caused
by the raid led to these tactics becoming standard for the USAAF's
B-29s until the end of the war. The Bombing of Tokyo often refers
to a series of firebombing air raids by the United States Army Air
Forces during the Pacific campaigns of World War II. Strategic
bombing and urban area bombing began in 1944 after the long-range
B-29 Superfortress bomber entered service, first deployed from
China and thereafter the Mariana Islands. B-29 raids from those
islands began on November 17, 1944, and lasted until August 15,
1945, the day of Japanese surrender. Over half of Tokyo's industry
was spread out among residential and commercial neighborhoods;
firebombing cut the city's output in half. While the concentrated
bombing civilian targets was standard operating procedure by all
aerial combatants of both sides during World War II, modern
post-war analysts have in hindsight defined the firebombing of
Japanese population centers a war crime due to the targeting of
civilian infrastructure and the ensuing mass loss of civilian
life. Major General Curtis LeMay had been the hand-picked
commander of XXI Bomber Command, replacing General Haywood S.
Hansell, whose bombing campaign against Japan up to that time was
considered unsuccessful. LeMay understood that he would relieved
of this command if he failed to deliver results. He believed that
changing the emphasis from precision bombing to area bombing was
the most promising option to turn the XXI Bomber Command's
performance around. LeMay ordered the defensive guns removed from
325 B-29s, loaded each plane with Model M-47 incendiary clusters,
magnesium bombs, white phosphorus bombs, and napalm, and ordered
the bombers to fly in streams at 5,000 to 9,000 feet (1,500 to
2,700 m) over Tokyo. LeMay described Operation Meetinghouse by
saying "the US had finally stopped swatting at flies and gone
after the manure pile". LeMay was aware of the implication of
his orders. The New York Times reported at the time, "Maj.
Gen. Curtis E. LeMay, commander of the B-29s of the entire
Marianas area, declared that if the war is shortened by a single
day, the attack will have served its purpose". The argument
was that it was his duty to carry out the attacks in order to end
the war as quickly as possible, sparing further loss of life. He
also remarked regarding the morality of the air effort against
Japan, "I suppose if I had lost the war, I would have been
tried as a war criminal." This opinion was also reported by
Robert McNamara in the 2003 documentary The Fog of War, although
after the war the Allies did not prosecute any German or Japanese
military personnel for bombing civilian targets. In order to
prevent the loss of civilian life, "LeMay Bombing Leaflets"
were dropped on targeted cities and Tokyo particularly, which
warned Japanese civilians of impending danger: "Unfortunately,
bombs have no eyes. So, in accordance with America's humanitarian
policies, the American Air Force, which does not wish to injure
innocent people, now gives you warning to evacuate the cities
named and save your lives". The raid began when the first
pathfinder airplanes arrived over Tokyo just after midnight on
March 10, and marked the target area with a flaming "X";
three hours later, aircrews at the tail end of the bomber stream
reported that the stench of burned human flesh permeated the
aircraft over the target. Precise figures are not available, but
the strategic bombing campaign against Japan, directed by LeMay
between March 1945 and the Japanese surrender in August 1945, may
have killed more than 500,000 Japanese civilians and left five
million homeless. Official estimates from the United States
Strategic Bombing Survey put the figures at 220,000 people killed.
Some 40% of the built-up areas of 66 cities were destroyed,
including much of Japan's war industry. Presidents Roosevelt and
Truman supported LeMay's strategy, referring to an estimate of one
million Allied casualties if Japan had to be invaded.
#OperationMeetinghouse #BombingOfTokyo #FirebombingOfTokyo
#Firebombing #NightOfTheBlackSnow #Tokyo #Japan #USAAF
#AirWarfareOfWorldWarII #AerialWarfare #AirWarfareOfWWII
#StrategicBombingDuringWorldWarII #StrategicBombingDuringWWII
#AerialBombardment #AirStrikes #PacificWar #AsiaPacificWar
#AsiaticPacificTheater #WorldWarII #WWII #WW2 #WorldWarTwo
#WorldWar2 #SecondWorldWar #MP4 #VideoDownload #DVD On Sale @ 15%
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Bay Of
Pigs Invasion DVD, MP4 Video Download, USB Flash Drive
March 10, 1952: Cuba: The History Of
Cuba: The Cuban Military Coup And Dictatorship (1952-1959): --
Fulgencio Batista leads a successful coup in Cuba against
President Carlos Prio Socarras and appoints himself as the
"provisional president". Since the beginning of 1952,
Batista ran for president in a three-way race, with Roberto
Agramonte of the Orthodox Party in the lead in all the polls,
followed by Carlos Hevia of the Authentic Party. Batista's United
Action coalition was running a distant third. On March 10, 1952,
three months before the elections, Batista, with army backing,
staged a coup and seized power and canceled the elections. The
United States recognized his government on March 27, despite
having asked Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr for his analysis of
Batista's Cuba, who predicted "The corruption of the
Government, the brutality of the police, the government's
indifference to the needs of the people for education, medical
care, housing, for social justice and economic justice ... is an
open invitation to revolution"; that revolution took the form
of Fidel Castro's successful Cuban Revolution a decade later. On
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: September
11th Attacks MP3s, MPGs & JPGs CD, Download, USB Flash Drive
March 10, 1957: #BOTD: Osama bin Laden
(Usama bin Laden, Usama bin Ladin, Oussama ben Laden, etc.), Saudi
Arabian terrorist (d. May 2, 2011) is #born Osama bin Mohammed bin
Awad bin Laden in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Osama bin Laden is founder
of the Pan-Islamic militant organization al-Qaeda, an organization
designated as a terrorist group by the United Nations Security
Council, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the
European Union, and various countries. Under bin Laden's
leadership, al-Qaeda was responsible for the September 11 attacks
in the United States, and many other mass-casualty attacks
worldwide. He was a Saudi Arabian citizen until 1994 and a member
of the wealthy bin Laden family. Bin Laden's father was Mohammed
bin Awad bin Laden, a Saudi millionaire from Hadhramaut, Yemen,
and the founder of the construction company, Saudi Binladin Group.
His mother, Alia Ghanem, was from a secular middle-class family in
Latakia, Syria. He was born in Saudi Arabia and studied at
university in the country until 1979, when he joined Mujahideen
forces in Pakistan fighting against the Soviet Union in
Afghanistan. He helped to fund the Mujahideen by funneling arms,
money, and fighters from the Arab world into Afghanistan, and
gained popularity among many Arabs. In 1988, he formed al-Qaeda.
He was banished from Saudi Arabia in 1992, and shifted his base to
Sudan, until US pressure forced him to leave Sudan in 1996. After
establishing a new base in Afghanistan, he declared a war against
the United States, initiating a series of bombings and related
attacks. Bin Laden was on the American Federal Bureau of
Investigation's (FBI) lists of Ten Most Wanted Fugitives and Most
Wanted Terrorists for his involvement in the 1998 US embassy
bombings. Bin Laden is most well known for his role in
masterminding the September 11 attacks, which resulted in the
deaths of nearly 3,000 people and prompted the United States, on
the orders of President George W. Bush, to initiate the "War
on Terror" and the subsequent War in Afghanistan. He
subsequently became the subject of a decade-long international
manhunt. From 2001 to 2011, bin Laden was a major target of the
United States, as the FBI offered a 25M USD bounty in their search
for him. On May 2, 2011, bin Laden died when he was shot and
killed by US Navy SEALs inside a private residential compound in
Abbottabad, Pakistan, where he lived with a local family from
Waziristan. The covert operation was conducted by members of the
United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group (SEAL Team
Six) and Central Intelligence Agency SAD/SOG operators on the
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Vietnam War With Walter Cronkite DVD, Video Download, USB Drive
March 10, 1966: The Aftermath Of World
War II: The Cold War: The Cold War In Asia: The Indochina Wars:
The Vietnam War (The Second Indochina War, The Vietnam Conflict,
The Resistance War Against America): The Buddhist Uprising (The
Buddhist Uprising Of 1966 (Vietnamese: Noi Day Phat Giao 1966),
The Crisis In Central Vietnam (Vietnamese: Bien Dong Mien Trung):
-- Military Prime Minister of South Vietnam Nguyen Cao Ky, with
the support of his fellow members of the South Vietnamese ruling
junta, sacks his rival in the junta General Nguyen Chanh Thi,
precipitating large-scale civil and military unrest in South
Vietnam known in America as The Buddhist Uprising and in modern
Vietnam as The Crisis In Central Vietnam (March 26 - June 8,
1966). Ky mustered the support of eight of the generals on the
10-man junta, meaning that along with his vote, there were nine
officers in favor of Thi's removal. With Thi the only
nonsupporter, Ky and his colleagues removed Thi from the junta and
his corps command. Ky threatened to resign if the decision was not
unanimous, claiming that the junta needed a show of strength, so
Thi decided to vote for his own sacking. The junta put Thi under
house arrest pending his departure from the country, and then
appointed General Nguyen Van Chuan, the erstwhile commander of 1st
Division and a Thi subordinate, as the new I Corps commander.
Within the ruling South Vietnamese junta, General Thi was seen as
Ky's main competitor for influence. Many political observers in
Saigon thought that Thi wanted to depose Ky, and regarded him as
the biggest threat to the other officers and the junta's
stability. According to Ky's memoirs, Thi was a "born
intriguer" who had "left-wing inclinations". Time
magazine published a piece in February 1966 that claimed that Thi
was more dynamic than Ky and could seize power at any time.
Historian Robert Topmiller claimed Ky may have seen the article as
destabilizing and therefore decided to move against Thi. Historian
Stanley Karnow said of Ky and Thi: "Both flamboyant
characters who wore gaudy uniforms and sported sinister
moustaches, the two young officers had been friends, and their
rivalry seemed to typify the personal struggles for power that
chronically afflicted South Vietnam. But their dispute mirrored
more than individual ambition." Both were known for the
colorful red berets they wore. There were reports that Thi was
showing insubordination towards Ky. The U.S. military commander in
Vietnam, General William Westmoreland, said that Thi once refused
to report to Ky in Saigon when requested. On one occasion, Ky came
to I Corps to remonstrate with him in early March, Thi addressed
his staff and asked mockingly, "Should we pay attention to
this funny little man from Saigon or should we ignore him?"
Thi made this comment rather loudly, within earshot of Ky, and the
Vietnamese politician Bui Diem thought that the prime minister
viewed Thi's comment as a direct challenge to his authority. A
native of central Vietnam, Thi was the commander of I Corps, which
oversaw the five northernmost provinces of South Vietnam and the
1st and 2nd Divisions. He was known to have the "deep rooted"
loyalty of his soldiers. A large segment of the South Vietnamese
military was the Regional and Popular Forces, which were militias
who served in their native areas, and they appreciated a commander
with a regionalistic rapport. The support from the Buddhists, his
troops, and the regional tendencies gave Thi a strong power base
and made it hard for the other generals and the Americans to move
against him. Ky initially stated that Thi was leaving the country
to receive medical treatment for his nasal passages. An official
announcement said that the junta "had considered and accepted
General Thi's application for a vacation". Thi retorted that
"The only sinus condition I have is from the stink of
corruption." Ky then gave a series of reasons for dismissing
Thi, accusing him of being too left-wing, of ruling the central
regions like a warlord, of having a mistress who was suspected of
being a communist, and being too conspiratorial. Despite Thi's
good relations with the Buddhists in his area, most notably Thich
Tri Quang, Ky reportedly had the monks' support for Thi's removal.
Quang used the crisis to highlight Buddhist calls for civilian
rule. There were claims that Quang intended to challenge Ky,
regardless of whether or not Thi had been cast aside. Time
magazine reported that Thi "ran it [I Corps] like a warlord
of yore, obeying those edicts of the central government that
suited him and blithely disregarding the rest." Historian
George McTurnan Kahin said that Ky may have feared that Thi would
secede from Saigon and turn central Vietnam into an independent
state; this Thi's supporters later virtually did. CIA analyst
Douglas Pike, who worked in Vietnam, speculated that this would
have been a large part of Ky's thinking. A combination of those
factors resulted in Thi's dismissal. The Americans were supportive
of Ky and his prosecution of the war against the communists, and
they opposed Thi, regarding him as not being firm enough against
communism. Thi did, however, have the support of Marine Lieutenant
General Lewis Walt, who commanded American forces in I Corps and
was the senior adviser to Thi's ARVN forces. This caused problems
during the dispute. The dismissal caused widespread demonstrations
in the northern provinces. Civil unrest grew, as civil servants,
disaffected military personnel, and the working under-class joined
the anti-government demonstrations led by the Buddhists. At first,
Ky tried to ignore the demonstrations and wait for them to peter
out, but the problem escalated and riots broke out in some places.
Despite continued American support, senior American foreign policy
officials regarded Ky, General Thieu and their regime as of very
poor quality. Assistant Secretary Of State William Bundy stated
that the regime "seemed to all of us the bottom of the
barrel, absolutely the bottom of the barrel." Ky gambled by
allowing Thi to return to I Corps, ostensibly to restore order. He
claimed he allowed Thi to return to his old area of command as a
goodwill gesture, to keep central Vietnamese happy, and because he
promised Thi a farewell visit before going into exile. Thi
received a rousing reception and the anti-Ky protesters became
more fervent. Ky then sacked the police chief of Hue, a Thi
loyalist. The local policemen responded by going on strike and
demonstrating against their chief's removal. Buddhists and other
antijunta civilian activists joined together with I Corps units
supportive of Thi to form the Struggle Movement, leading to civil
unrest and a halt in I Corps military operations. On 3 April, Ky
held a press conference during which he claimed that Da Nang was
under communist control and vowed to stage a military operation to
regain the territory, thus implying the Buddhists were communist
agents. He vowed to kill the mayor of Da Nang, saying "Either
Da Nang's mayor is shot or the government will fall." The
following evening, Ky deployed three battalions of marines to Da
Nang. The marines stayed at Da Nang Air Base and made no moves
against the rebels. Soon after, they were joined by two battalions
of Vietnamese Rangers, as well as some riot police and
paratroopers. Ky took personal command and found that the roads
leading into the city had been blocked by Buddhist civilians and
pro-Thi portions of the I Corps. After a standoff, Ky realized
that he could not score a decisive victory and had lost face. He
arranged a meeting and media event with Thi loyalist officers, and
various Struggle Movement supporters. Ky arrived back in Saigon,
where he met with Buddhist leaders for negotiations. The Buddhists
demanded an amnesty for rioters and mutinous soldiers, and for Ky
to withdraw the marines from Da Nang back to Saigon.] The monks
said they would order that the Struggle Movement "temporarily
suspend all forms of struggle to prove our goodwill". After a
period of tension and further tensions, Ky's forces gained the
upper hand in May, pressuring most Struggle Movement members to
give up and militarily defeating the rest. He then put Quang under
house arrest and finally had Thi exiled, cementing his junta's
grip on power and ending the Buddhist movement as a political
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: War Crimes
The Nuremberg My Lai John Demjanjuk Trials MP4 Download DVD
March 10, 1970: The Aftermath Of World
War II: The Cold War: The Cold War In Asia: The Indochina Wars:
The Vietnam War (The Second Indochina War, The Vietnam Conflict,
The Resistance War Against America): The United States In The
Vietnam War: War Crimes: War Crimes Of The Vietnam War: The My Lai
Massacre (The Pinkville Massacre, The Massacre At Songmy, Son My
Massacre): -- Captain Ernest Medina is charged by the U.S.
military with My Lai war crimes. Ernest Lou Medina (August 27,
1936 - May 8, 2018) served in the infantry of the United States
Army during the Vietnam War. He was the commanding officer of
Company C, 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry of the 11th Brigade,
Americal Division, the unit responsible for the My Lai Massacre of
March 16, 1968. According to the 1970 investigation of the crime
investigation by Two-Star General William R. Peers' Peers
Commission, Medina "Planned, ordered, and supervised the
execution by his company of an unlawful operation against
inhabited hamlets in Son My village, which included the
destruction of houses by burning, killing of livestock, and the
destruction of crops and other foodstuffs, and the closing of
wells; and impliedly directed the killing of any persons found
there." The investigation also charged that Medina "Possibly
killed as many as three noncombatants in My Lai." Medina was
therefore court-martialed in 1971 for willingly allowing his men
to murder noncombatants. Medina denied all the charges and claimed
that he never gave any orders to kill Vietnamese noncombatants.
Medina's defense team, led by F. Lee Bailey, and a support staff
that included Gary Myers, alleged that his men killed Vietnamese
noncombatants under their own volition and not under Medina's
orders. Medina also testified that he did not become aware that
his troops were out of control at My Lai until the massacre was
already well underway. Medina also strongly denied killing any
Vietnamese noncombatant at My Lai, with the exception of a young
woman whom two soldiers testified that they found hiding in a
ditch. When she emerged with her hands up, Medina shot her
because, he claimed, he thought she had a grenade. In fact, she
was unarmed. The defense lawyers brought up many incidents during
the Vietnam War of Viet Cong suspects and sympathizers faking
surrender to use hidden pistols or grenades to harm or kill
American military personnel. In August 1971, Medina was ultimately
found not guilty of all charges. His jury deliberations lasted
about 60 minutes. Despite his acquittal, the court martial and
negative publicity brought Medina's military career to an end. He
resigned his commission and left the Army shortly afterward. He
later admitted that, during his court martial, he had "not
been completely candid to avoid disgracing the military, the
United States, his family, and himself." After resigning from
the Army, Medina went to work at an Enstrom Helicopter Corporation
plant owned by F. Lee Bailey in Menominee, Michigan. Medina moved
with his family to Marinette, Wisconsin. He worked in his family's
real estate business: Medina, Inc. Realtor in Marinette,
Wisconsin. Medina is mentioned by name in the first stanza of Pete
Seeger's Vietnam protest song "Last Train to Nuremberg"
(1970): "Do I see Lieutenant Calley? Do I see Captain Medina?
Do I see Gen'ral Koster and all his crew?". Ernest Medina
died on May 8, 2018, at the age of 81. The My Lai Massacre occured
on March 16, 1968, a war crime of the Vietnam War, a mass killing
of between 347 and 504 unarmed Vietnamese civilians in South
Vietnam. It was committed by U.S. Army soldiers from Company C,
1st Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment, 11th Brigade, 23rd
(Americal) Infantry Division. Victims included men, women,
children, and infants. Some of the women were gang-raped and their
bodies mutilated. Twenty-six soldiers were charged with criminal
offenses, but only Lieutenant William Calley Jr., a platoon leader
in C Company, was convicted. Found guilty of killing 22 villagers,
he was originally given a life sentence, but served only three and
a half years under house arrest. The massacre, which was later
called "the most shocking episode of the Vietnam War",
took place in two hamlets of Son My village in Quang Ngai
Province. These hamlets were marked on the U.S. Army topographic
maps as My Lai and My Khe. The U.S. Army slang name for the
hamlets and sub-hamlets in that area was Pinkville, and the
carnage was initially referred to as the Pinkville Massacre. On
November 12, 1969, independent investigative journalist Seymour
Hersh broke the story of the My Lai Massacre, for which he
received the 1970 Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting.
Later, when the U.S. Army started its investigation, the media
changed it to the Massacre at Songmy. Currently, the event is
referred to as the My Lai Massacre in the United States and called
the Son My Massacre in Vietnam. The incident prompted global
outrage when it became public knowledge as a result of Hersh'
story. The My Lai massacre increased domestic opposition to the
U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War when the scope of killing and
cover-up attempts were exposed. Initially, three U.S. servicemen
who had tried to halt the massacre and rescue the hiding civilians
were shunned, and even denounced as traitors by several U.S.
Congressmen, including Mendel Rivers, Chairman of the House Armed
Services Committee. Only after thirty years were they recognized
and decorated, one posthumously, by the U.S. Army for shielding
non-combatants from harm in a war zone. Along with the No Gun Ri
massacre in Korea eighteen years earlier, My Lai was one of the
largest single massacres of civilians by U.S. forces in the 20th
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Eyes On
The Prize II: America At The Racial Crossroads DVD MP4 USB
March 10, 1972: The American Civil Rights
Movement: Black Power: The Black Power Movement (Black Liberation
Movement): The National Black Political Convention (The Gary
Convention): -- The National Black Political Convention (March
10-12, 1972) begins in Gary, Indiana. The convention gathered
around ten thousand African Americans to discuss and advocate for
black communities that undergo significant economic and social
crisis. Part of their goal was to raise the number of black
politicians elected to office, increase representation, and create
an agenda for fundamental change. The convention also issued the
Gary Declaration, which stated that the American political system
was failing black Americans and that the only way to address this
problem was to transition to independent black politics. Notable
participants in the convention included Gary mayor Richard
Hatcher, civil rights activist Jesse Jackson, and House
Representative Charles C. Diggs Jr. Diggs Jr., alongside Richard
Hatcher, were the two keynote speakers at the National Black
Political Convention. Filmmaker William Greaves' 1972 documentary
Nationtime, narrated by Sidney Poitier, covers the National Black
Political Convention. An 80-minute restored version was released
in 2020 with funding from Jane Fonda and the Hollywood Foreign
Press Association. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Vietnam:
The Ten Thousand Day War TV Series DVD, Video Download, USB
March 10, 1975: The Aftermath Of World
War II: The Cold War: The Cold War In Asia: The Indochina Wars:
The Vietnam War (The Second Indochina War, The Vietnam Conflict,
The Resistance War Against America): The 1975 Spring Offensive
{Vietnamese: Chien Dich Mua Xuan 1975; officially The General
Offensive And Uprising Of Spring 1975 (Vietnamese: Tong Tien Cong
Va Noi Day Mua Xuan 1975)}: -- North Vietnamese troops attack the
key Central Highlands city of Ban Me Thuet (also transliterated
Buon Ma Thuot) in South Vietnam on their way to capturing Saigon
in the final push for victory over South Vietnam. Following the
attack on Buon Ma Thuot, the Republic of Vietnam realized they
were no longer able to defend the entire country and ordered a
strategic withdrawal from the Central Highlands. The retreat from
the Central Highlands, however, was a debacle as civilian refugees
fled under fire with soldiers, mostly along a single highway
reaching from the highlands to the coast. This situation was
exacerbated by confusing orders, lack of command and control, and
a well-led and aggressive enemy, which led to the utter rout and
destruction of the bulk of South Vietnamese forces in the Central
Highlands. A similar collapse occurred in the northern provinces.
Surprised by the rapidity of the ARVN collapse, North Vietnam
transferred the bulk of its northern forces more than 350 miles
(560 km) to the south in order to capture the South Vietnamese
capital of Saigon in time to celebrate their late President Ho Chi
Minh's birthday and end the war. South Vietnamese forces regrouped
around the capital and defended the key transportation hubs at
Phan Rang and Xuan L?c, but a loss of political and military will
to continue the fight became ever more manifest. Under political
pressure, South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu resigned on
April 21, in hopes that a new leader that was more amenable to the
North Vietnamese could reopen negotiations with them. It was,
however, too late. Southwest of Saigon IV Corps, meanwhile,
remained relatively stable with its forces aggressively preventing
VC units from taking over any provincial capitals. With PAVN
spearheads already entering Saigon, the South Vietnamese
government, then under the leadership of Duong Van Minh,
capitulated on April 30, 1975. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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